European Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Human Rights - Essay Example It likewise looks to advance the privileges of ladies and youngsters, just as of minorities and uprooted people. ‘Margin of appreciation’ is a principle that was first evolved and applied for the situation law of European Court and Commission of Human Rights. It is an idea created by the European Union where diverse part states’ courts can decipher the Convention of Human Rights in an unexpected way (Greer, 2000, p.5). The regulation doesn't have general suit for all show rights, since it has more prominent for some show rights for example right to property; be that as it may, it has lower profile on different rights in the shows. Besides, there is no basic and away from of portraying how the teaching functions; further, the doctrine’s nature is that of lopsided and eccentric. Because of the idea of edge of thankfulness, there is requirement for much structure, exactness management and normality in its application (Greer, 2000, p.5). The European Union deta iled the edge of thankfulness since its part states involve differing social and lawful conventions grasped hence, it was hard to distinguish uniform European measures of human rights. In addition, the regulation gives the adaptability expected to abstain from harming columns between the European Court, General, and the Member States. Also it allows the Court to adjust the self-governance of Member States with their commitments under the Convention. The reason for this paper is to assess the contemporary act of edge of gratefulness in applying of Convention rights and opportunities. The paper will investigate the coherent imperfections in the edge regulation as of now considered and the manner in which they contribute in degrading the show. In addition, the job of the Strasbourg Organ in the oversight of managing of the principle in its Member States is likewise talked about. At last, an appraisal of the proficiency and consistency of oversight is investigated. Edge of gratefulness The European Commission of Human Rights embraced edge of thankfulness in light of the fact that the national specialists are preferable put to decide over the Strasbourg foundations. This tenet is material regarding articles of the show giving a few housing or impediment provisos. A portion of the zones where Member States have been agreed edge of increase by the European Union show on human rights are insurance of ethics, deciding the command of the legal executive, anticipation of wrongdoing and turmoil and matters relating to national economy and security. In deciding the extent of minor of thankfulness, the courts consider initially, the topic of the secured right, for example a restricted edge is given if the topic being secured is viewed as major. Besides, the point and the enthusiasm of set limitation are additionally thought of. Accordingly, the edge of gratefulness is dictated by the impacts of a limitation on others in the general public. In addition, there are European ag reement principles, which are relevant to all Member States. In such cases, there is less requirement for utilization of edge of thankfulness (Kleijkamp, 1999, p.50). In any case, there is worry in that uncontrolled edge of gratefulness is cheapening the rights and opportunities gave by the Human Rights Convention. States that have the standard of human rights relativism can misuse this regulation to cartel the activity of human

Bill Gates had been friends since high school Essay Example for Free

Bill Gates had been companions since secondary school Essay Mike Basset and Bill Gates had been companions since secondary school. They’d vied for first spot constantly. They’d spent hour’s together composing PC programs even before individuals heard in programming. They grew up together and even went to college and were joint top understudies. The two of them went in the programming industry and soon each opened their own PC organization Bill named his ‘Microsoft’ and Mike called it ‘Compufriek’. Bill was fruitful and was extremely renowned his items the whole way across the globe he was surely understand for Windows and Microsoft office. Then again Mike was excellent yet just known in the United States yet at the same time lacking behind Bill. The two of them got hitched and had youngsters. Mike’s spouse Jenny was exceptionally desirous of Marry Mrs. Entryways shoe consistently used to discuss how fruitful her significant other is and the contacts he makes with Difrent Company’s over the world. Mike is likewise tired his possibly desire from when he was a kid was to run the best PC organization and here his closest companion his holding him up. One day Mr. and Mrs. Doors welcomed the Bassets for a grill in their new house. It was actually early afternoon when the Bassets showed up at the Gates. â€Å"Hello Mike† said Bill, â€Å"how’s things going? † he inquired. â€Å"Alright† answered Mike. They took a seat at a table, Bill has excused all the hirelings so they could get to know one another and do everything like the past times. â€Å"I have recently marked an arrangement with the Japanese,† â€Å"Worth a lot† saying Bill as pleased as it gets. â€Å"Good I wish the best for you† answered Mike however in a not meaning it kind of way. â€Å"I am tired of this he’s continually gloating about himself, goodness I want to be as rich and celebrated like Bill† he was stating to himself. The day went on and they ate. The following day Mike’s spouse began to bother she continued saying why you’re not as rich as bill and you’re superior to him, he couldn’t take it. That day he needed to eat Chinese he went to his preferred Chinese eatery ‘Chin Dragon’. They had supper and after a server came up to them, â€Å"do you need to attempt our new fortune cookies† â€Å"some individuals have been fortunate and even there dreams came true† she said. â€Å"Well alright get us two,† answered Mike â€Å"Right away† said the server. She proceeded to return following five minutes conveying a plate with 2 treats. â€Å"There you go,† said the server Mike took his and snapped it into equal parts and took the paper out. â€Å"What does it say? † Asked Mikes spouse. â€Å"Fame and fortune will come very soon,† answered Mike. His significant other at that point takes hers and snaps it down the middle and took her paper. â€Å"Mines say’s your friends and family will be rich and renowned! † She told Mike. â€Å"Can it be that my fantasy will at long last materialized? † He said to himself. â€Å"What does this mean? † Asked Jenny. â€Å"I don’t know† Mike answered. â€Å"But gives up home I’m tired and I need a rest† he said. At the point when they returned home Mike couldn’t quit considering the fortune treats. He continued pondering was this only an occurrence that he got this in a fortune treat, even Jenny his better half got something very similar. Would this be able to be genuine can his life aspiration materialized? No he thought it must be an incident. That night he couldn’t rest. He continued reasoning if this was genuine what would present to him this notoriety and fortune? All he’s dealing with right now is a basic hacking program for him self on account of spare time. His better half awakens. She asks him for what valid reason isn’t he sleeping. He mentions to her what he’s thinking about and she says, â€Å"I don’t think your going to get distinction and fortune simply like that†Ã±Å¾ â€Å"What do you mean? † he answered â€Å"Well, that hacking program you’re taking a shot at for fun† she says. â€Å"Yes shouldn't something be said about it? † he answers restlessly. â€Å"Is it power full? She inquires. â€Å"Yeah its pretty good† he answers however doesn’t understand what’s this got the chance to do with his fortune. â€Å"Why don’t you get to Bills documents and discover what he’s arranging? † she says discreetly. â€Å"You need me to sell out my closest companion. No disregard it† he answered furiously and headed to sleep. The following day he gets up and goes on his PC to do a touch of work. He continued taking a shot at his hacking program until it was done. â€Å"Honey† he called. â€Å"I’ve completed my program. † Jenny strolls in and salutes him â€Å"Well no you have to test it! † she said. â€Å"Test it? † he answered. â€Å"Who on? † â€Å"I can’t give it a shot anybody its illegal† â€Å"Well test it on Bills I am certain he wont mind, you are his best friend† she lets him know â€Å"Just check whether it works appropriately and the switch it off† â€Å"Well ok† he answers and begins to test it he began to information and scarcely any numbers and letters and the put search. Bills name came up on the screen. He got to his PC. â€Å"Look what’s that? † asked Jenny â€Å"Oh it will be a portion of his files† â€Å"I’ll close it now I know it works† he saidñž â€Å"No† Jenny stated, â€Å"just have a brief glance, it won’t hurt† He stayed there seeing Bill Gates records. His aspiration assumed responsibility for him. He recognized a document named ‘big plan’. He started glancing through it. It was an enormous program what was going to change the world. He solidified. For his entire life he needed acclaim and now he could get it however at his closest companions cost. Jenny continued advising him to duplicate the record at that point modify it for him so he turns out badly. She considered him a defeatist. He didn’t recognize what to do. His better half continued bothering him. He at long last gave up to his aspiration and downloaded the record to his PC and began to adjust Bills document totally. Jenny continued saying how superb he was and urged him to continue. He was done. He worked day and night on this program until one day he had completed it. Bill rang him up that day and said that his entire life just turned out badly. The program contract with the Japs he made has fallen in light of the fact that his program didn’t work. Presently he needs to pay Billions of pounds in pay and right now cannot pay that sum so he needed to sell a large portion of his organization. At that point blame began to develop in Mikes heart. His closest companions life has crumpled however his street is open. He felt extremely upset for him and said he was occupied. In the next week Mike made an agreement with the British. He sold them Bill’s program for a 30 billion agreement he got half of the offers. His name was known the whole way across the globe and his program sold exceptionally quick. Be that as it may, presently he was feeling regretful he’s now the popular rich and acclaimed one while his companion was under obligation. In those weeks Bill didn’t even get some answers concerning Mike he was to occupied with sifting through his concern. He proceeded to state the program a PC rivalry. He was completely paralyzed when it had looked recently like the one he made. He gets somewhat dubious and goes to Mike’s home straight away. When he arrived he didn’t even make proper acquaintance with Mike the primary thing he said was â€Å"that program of yours when did you begin making it? † Mike wavered somewhat knowing Bills doubt he answers â€Å"oh I’ve been on this unique undertaking for quite a while, Its been a secret† Bill conversed with him about it and returned home. Mike was feeling horrendous he presumably simply lost his closest companion. His blame developed increasingly more throughout the days past. He didn’t get notification from Bill for some time now and was truly terrified. What he didn’t know was right now Bill was attempting to check whether anybody had hacked is PC. He realized that it couldn’t be simply anybody since his PC was ensured with additional security. Bill went through hours attempting to find the criminal. One day when Bill was on his PC he was experiencing a rundown of who opened the PC and when he state an abnormal number. He attempted to discover what it implied however couldn’t. In the interim Mike was not having a glad existence. He was rich and acclaimed. Didn’t even observe his significant other, she was consistently making the rounds. He couldn’t go out and demonstrate his face to the open they would simply give him acknowledgment for the new program and that would exacerbate the situation. Multi week later something extremely sudden happened when Mike was at home. The F. B. I came thumping at his entryway. â€Å"Can I help you? † he asked â€Å"Would you please accompany us? † they answered. â€Å"What is by all accounts the issue? † Mike asked realizing he was gotten. â€Å"You will now be taken to jail for hacking into someone’s PC and preparing thoughts and projects. † They answered in a frustrated manner of speaking. At that point he realized his life was over his aspiration simply pulverized his life. He went unobtrusively with them. As venturing out of their vehicle and going towards the police headquarters he says Bill. â€Å"I’m sorry,† he said to him. â€Å"From all the individuals I didn’t need to think it was you† he answered in a disillusioned manner. Mike wandered off with the specialists and into the station. He was condemned to 15 years in jail. The entirety of the cash from the program went to Bill Gates and he got all the credit. He figured out how to by back the entirety of his organization and begin ruling the PC world by and by. Mike was done he could never compose another PC program again. Bill’s life came back to typical with the exception of one thing he had no closest companion alongside him. Bill Gates had been companions since secondary school. (2017, Aug 21). We have papers on the accompanying points that might hold any importance with

African-American Culture and Reconstruction in America Essay

African-American Culture and Reconstruction in America - Essay Example The paper centers around African American culture in America and the recreation procedure pondering each viewpoint that accompanies it. The improvement of the African American culture was because of the way toward giving and taking. Social impact relied upon the class to which somebody had a place with, age, and class status in Africa. Particularly youngsters who were taken as slaves adjusted so quick to the language and culture of the Americans. There were intermarriages that occurred just as the advancement of religion. During the reproduction procedure, African Americans participated in the political social and financial procedures. There were numerous individuals who were permitted to hold open workplaces taking into account association. The communications prompted intermixing and, in this manner, prompted the African American culture.This conversation pronounces thatâ during the recreation procedure, African slaves were permitted to get instruction and were acclimatized to th e religion they trusted in. Permitting Africans to interface with the Americans and Europeans, when all is said in done, implied that there will be vicinity that would prompt an understanding just as relationships and selection of one another's way of life. The kind of religion lectured by the Americans and Europeans prompted a top in subjugation rehearses just as any type of abuse. The remaking procedure prompted the development of the African American culture, combining both the African and American culture.â

Defaulting on Student Loans Does Not Add Up

Many readers probably know from experience that student loans = an overwhelming amount of stress. But, as it turns out, defaulting on student loans = an even more overwhelming amounts of stress. Forbes recently wrote an article (Deduct This: The History of Student Loan Interest) on the history of student loans, which talks about how they have developed from being an altruistic way to help students pay for their education into a profitable business for moneymaking lenders. Meanwhile, Elie Mystal at Above the Law wrote a piece about what its like to live as a student loan defaulter, and he implies that its a mixed bag. Not the worst thing in the world, but with definite, albeit manageable drawbacks. However, Megan McArdle from The Atlantic found Mystals advice did not add up and could be so lethal that she needed to respond (Dont Count on Settling Those Student Loans). McArdle argues that defaulting on your loans never makes sense. In fact, your credit rating will be so damaged that landlords will treat you worse than ex-convicts if you send your debt into default. The worst of it is that if you default you will owe just as much if not more than you did before you defaulted! According to McArdle, There are only two ways to erase the debt: prove youre permanently disabled and will never again earn more than a pittance; or die. Neither of these options sound too promising. Bottom line: student loans are stressful and burdensome, but there is no way to run away from them. The good news is that although defaulting on ones loan does not add up, investing in ones education can make mathematical senseif you invest wisely. Accepted.com ~ Helping You Write Your Best

Causes And Treatments Of Breast Cancer - 1587 Words

WHAT IS CANCER? Cancer can be said to be a generic term for a large collection of diseases that can have an effect on any part of the body, it can be sometimes called malignant tumors and neoplasms. In other words, cancer can be defined as the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their normal boundaries, which are capable of invading adjoining parts of the body and spread through to the organs. However, this process is referred to as metastasis, which is the major cause of death from cancer (NHS, 2015). WHAT IS BREAST CANCER? Breast cancer is a disease that starts when cells start to grow out of control. These cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer and spread to other areas of the body. Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that originates in the breast cells. Malignant tumor is a group of cells that develop into (invade) nearby tissues or extend (metastasize) to remote areas of the body. In addition, breast cancer is most common in women however it is possible that it can be present in a man (American cancer society, 2015). WHAT ARE THE GENES INVOLVED IN HEREDITARY BREAST CANCER? The human body is made up of millions of cells containing a certain amount of genes. A single individual inherits two copies of genes, one each from both parents. Genes tend to act like a set of instructions that helps and control the growth of the body. A variation from these set of instructions on the growth pattern by the genes is called a mutation (or change).Show MoreRelatedCauses And Treatment Of Inflammatory Breast Cancer1063 Words   |  5 PagesInflammatory Breast cancer, also known as IBC, is a rare type of cancer that attacks the body violently. The cancer cells block lymphatic vessels so the breast looks inflamed which is where it gets its name. IBC is one to five percent of breast cancer diagnosed in the United States. In a matter of weeks to months Inflammatory breast cancer is already at stage III or IV at time of diagnosis. It seems to be diagnosed at a younger age than most breast cancers. The median age is fifty-seven for IBCRead MoreBreast Cancer Is A Fascinating Disease That Takes The Life1318 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a fascinating disease that takes the life of thousands of women every year. It is one of the leading causes of death for women in their middle ages. First, the definition of cancer is uncontrolled division of cells cancerous cells in the body. Therefore, breast cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth of cancerous cells in the breasts. Breast cancer has been noted in history for thousands of years. The ancient Greeks first discovered the disease about 3,500 years ago (Mandal, 2013)Read MoreEssay on Advanced Technology of the Treatment of Breast Cancer1696 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Treatment of Breast Cancer nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; This year 203,000 women will be diagnosed with Breast Cancer, and 40,000 of them are expected to die. Breast Cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death among women the ages of 35-54. There are numerous ways breast cancer can be treated if found early. The key to treating breast cancer is early detection, beast self-exams, and early mammograms. One out of every eight women will get diagnosed with Breast Cancer this year;Read MoreBreast Cancer Is Not Just A Single Disease? Essay1486 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is not just a single disease. It may come in different types. One particular type and the most common is the invasive ductal carcinoma or the infiltrating ductal carcinoma. 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The best way to fight this diseaseRead MoreWomen ´s Health Breast Cancer Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesBreast Cancer and Women’s Health Breast Cancer is defined as â€Å"a group of solid tumor malignancies arising in the tissues of the breast† (Sarah Crawford, Richard Alder, 2013) in human and other mammals. It can happen to both men and women. For women, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. According to National Cancer Institute, in the United States, the 2014 estimated new cases and deaths of female from breast cancer are 232,670 and 40,000, respectively. For male, it’s 430 deathsRead MoreBreast Cancer Awareness1695 Words   |  7 PagesThesis Statement: While both women and men can also get the breast cancer disease there is a cure with awareness to breast cancer. I. Breast Cancer and Who It Attacks A) What Is the Disease and Who It Affects 1. Disease which is a malignant cancer 2. Cells forms within the tissue of the breast 3. Victims are shocked 4. Both men and women get this disease 5. Women will be diagnosed more than men II. Common Risks Factors For Breast Cancer A) This Disease Can Be Caused By 1. One’s diet and lifestyle Read MoreHuman Epidermal Growth Factor ( Her2 )1153 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol the growth and spread of certain cancers. Breast cancer is defined as HER2 positive (HER2+) when there is an extremely high level of HER2 receptors present within the cancerous tumour of the breast tissue (Macmillan, 2013). 1.2 Aims and objectives This report aims to give an overview on breast cancer focusing on the HER2+ sub-type of the disease; it includes an overview of aetiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. It will also include how the advancesRead More Breast Cancer Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesBreast Cancer Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. There are many different types of cancer that are affecting people all over. Breast Cancer is one of these, and is found in man and women. Over 200,000 women and 1,300 men have been diagnosed with breast cancer this year. One in eight women will detect breast cancer in their lifetime. Men are less than one percent of the cases of breast cancer that are detected. Although prevention is not yet available, earlyRead MoreBreast Cancer; Saving the Girls 959 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is the second most prominent cause of cancer deaths in women. About 1 in 8 American women living in the U.S. will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer sometime during the course of their life. About 39,620 of those women will die from it. â€Å"Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast divide and grow without their normal control† (Komen). There are two main types of breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma, the most common type which starts in the tubes that transport milk from the breast

For Colored Girls Film Analysis - 816 Words

Written, directed, and produced by Tyler Perry, For Colored Girls is a film, adapted from Ntozake Shange’s poem of the same name. The film is an interconnected depiction of the lives of several African-American women who all have a specific struggle. In this specific scene Chrystal Wallace, an office assistant, and representation of the color brown, is holding her children and having a conversation with her abusive boyfriend, Beau Willie. Beau makes another attempt to gain Chrystal’s hand in marriage, for which she denies, and further states that it is a result that she could not allow her children to continue seeing her that way. Beau Willie assumes that by her stating â€Å"my babies† that the children were not his. In short, he then grabs†¦show more content†¦The set shows props and costumes that are not of a grand scale, which indicates poverty. Much of the colors shown are in the shades of brown, or a dingy tattered shade of other colors, which draw s from the original concept of the character but adds to the tone. The director uses these aspects to show that the characters were not of a wealthy class of people, but had the basic necessities to live. It initially forces a viewer to have some form of pity for the family because of the home life, aside from the relationship contentions of the characters. The performance of the scene shows hurt, disappointment, anger. As the argument escalated, the performance illustrated the tension, contrasting between the emotions of anger and ability. While the scene is simple, the actors forced viewers to feel what they felt on both sides. The editing and cinematography of the scene worked collectively to develop and portray the contention as fast-paced, and serious. The editing is often done in S/RS between the Beau Willie and Crystal during the early shots of the scene, but then move into basic cuts between characters, or the occasional match on action. As the scene has well over forty (40) shots the proximity often splits between medium close, close up,Show MoreRelatedThe Cultural Identity Of The African American Community1653 Words   |  7 Pagesof belonging. Race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, poverty, and sexual orientation, all play a role in developing one’s identity and more often than not, these multiple identities intersect with blackness. Being that American society has deemed colored people and populations as minoritarian subjects, African diaspora people can be seen making safe spaces for themselves to survive as individuals and as a part of communities. Stuart Hall’s Cultural Identity and Diaspora focuses on the current issuesRead MoreEssay about Analysis of West Side Story1161 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of West Side Story West Side Story came out in 1961 as a melodramatic musical that took place in New York. It takes the same theme as Shakespeares, Romeo and Juliet, in that it is about two lovers whose relationship is not accepted by others because of conflicting backgrounds. The artistic intensions of this film are implicitly stated everywhere throughout the film. All of the dancing, singing, acting and pretend fighting was done thoroughly and very well, although the mikingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film The Watsons Go At Birmingham Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesKaylynn Foulk AMST 301 Professor Linkletter September 14, 2016 My Project: Analysis of the film The Watsons Go to Birmingham 1. I will use the following course reading in my analysis: Wallace Thurman, â€Å"The Blacker the Berry†. 2. I will use the following lecture material in my analysis: lectures from section on race to be determined and the lecture on racial identity. 3. I will analyze my subject (The Watsons Go to Birmingham) from the perspective of: race. 4. I will need to do dependent researchRead MoreHow Birth Of A Nation Reinforced Antebellum Stereotypes About African Americans1564 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes about African-Americans In the early 1900s, the movie industry in America developed the atmosphere filled with racial and political medium, which later became a propaganda tool for selling of brute caricature. Many will recognize the films titled Birth of a Nation by D.W. Griffith, which was very historical since its technological innovation embraced or portrayed all the anti-Black caricatures, and other brutes. Sing Griffin was a Kentuckian, and someone who believed in the SouthernRead MorePleasantville1586 Words   |  7 PagesBud questions about Huckleberry Finn shows their new desire and longing to learn. The signs that pop up in the windows around town that say â€Å"No Coloreds Allowed†, show the desire for blocking out and not accepting the change. From the beginning of the movie, when the Toby McGuire is talking to himself but imagining he was actually talking to the girl I found myself kind of giggling and interested what this movie would bring to the table as far as entertainment went. In relation to thisRead MoreAnalysis of Filming Techniques in Spirited Away1574 Words   |  7 Pagesto Chihiro no Kamikakushi in Japan, follows a young girl named Chihiro on an adventurous, yet threatening journey into a magical realm after her parents are turned into pigs. She forms relationships with people that will help her find her way back home such as Haku, Zeniba, and Mr. Kamaji. She also encounters those like Yubaba who try to make her time in the realm of spirits difficult. Spirited Away quickly became Japan’s highest grossing film of all time. It received many great reviews in everyRead MoreDiscrimination Of The American Woman1043 Words   |  5 Pages An adequate range of research has been conducted to approach the constructed gender in television advertisements in Europe, America and India. One of the pioneering activist and cultural theorist who wrote books, films about this topic, as an instance the film Killing Us Softly, and was invited as a speaker in Tedx (an organization that invite influential and successful speaker to give a talk/lecture on their effective ideas) to talk about the constructed identity of the American womanRead MoreHigh School Confidential1044 Words   |  5 Pagesstuttering, shaking mass of sexual tension. He s stringy and shrimpy with almost no bodily form, and he is usually some kind of genius. The female nerds tend to attract the jocks. Denby suggests that this comes from the fact that the authors of these films were once nerds themselves, and they are trying to provide some kind of closure for themselves. (Denby 345) Then there is the best friend to the hero; who are either satanic, or saintly. Long black hair and piercing everywhere, they are ironicRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1236 Words   |  5 Pagesto put down women than any other form of media. Becky Cook, a writer for a website specializing in linking gender discrimination with relevant instances, offers an astute analysis of a current song: Take for example a popular song at the moment Waka Flocka’s song â€Å"No Hands†. The whole song is pretty much about watching girls dance and throwing money at them for it†¦ the lyrics get more offensive as the song goes on. Lyrics like this send the message that women are nothing more than sexualRead MoreStereotypes Of African American Filmmakers And Directors3406 Words   |  14 Pages Stereotypes of African Americans in Tyler Perry Films Nautica C. Hereford Wright State University Abstract This paper highlights the negative stereotypes of African Americans that are reinforced in Tyler Perry’s films. The misrepresentation of African Americans in the media has become normalized, meaning African Americans in stereotypical roles have become accepted (Tosi, 2011). The misrepresentation of African Americans in Perry’s films can be traced back to his cruel upbringing. This

Wage Determination & Imperfect Competition-Samples for Students

Question: Provide Examples of Companies which use Efficiency Wages Methods. Answer: Introduction The factors used in production process earns a return. Labor is an important factor of production and receives wage as remuneration. The forces of demand and supply in the labor market generally determine the wage paid to the employees. The structure of wage and employment is a crucial determinant of wage. Factors influencing the productivity of labor in private as well as in public have contested long. Wage is a primary influencing factor of labor supply and productivity. A wage above the equilibrium wage generally creates an oversupply of labor and hence unemployment. In the presence of strong bargaining power of union employers often forced to set wage above the equilibrium wage. When employers pay wage above equilibrium wage to enhance productivity without any force then it is called efficiency wage. One contradictory theory of efficiency wage is that of the theory of backward bending labor supply curve. The theory suggests, increases in wage increases labor supply to a certain l evel. Beyond that, point labor supply decreases as labor gives priority to leisure above their labor time. In this paper, the theory of efficiency wage is discussed and the relation between pay and performance is analyzed. The issues are draw from relevant literature and related with labor policies of a well-established company in Australia. Literature review In literature, the structure of wage and differences in the prevailing wage level is widely discussed because of its long held implications on living standard of labors and productivity. With passes of time, the structure of wage and employment has changed in industries. Different wage theories and models are proposed to explain the incidence of wage and examine those theories with some practical evidences. The theory of equitable wage is one of the important theories in literature of wage structure. The theory suggests that existing poverty and inequality contributes to increasing wage gap among the labor force. The differences in wage here are explained with discrepancies in the job profile, in firms structure, differences in economic condition and development status and composition of society (Schmitt, 2013). The equitable wage distribution is seen as a way of mitigating inequalities in these countries. The theory has little to do with efficiency of workers and firms productivity and this opens a door to critic of this theory. Pay for performance model provides an argument for wage inequality on ethical ground. The high payment scheme gives worker incentive to give greater work effort and enhance productivity. Overtime the workers develop their skills as encouraged by the higher wages. The skilled and good quality workers increase overall productivity of firms. Many literatures support the pay for performance model. This theory suggests when workers receive a high wage then an improvement in performance in realized. However the ability of the worker within firms differs and this difference in skills results in inequality in wage payment. Here wage is paid according ti their performance. The argument of this model is quite similar to the theory of efficiency wage. Scholars had devoted much of their time to explore wage several wage theories that exit in different economies. One such theory counters the proposed theory of equal wage distribution. The counter arguments indicate that the theory of equal distribution of wages may seem appealing from a social perspective of equality but it not economical at all (Co?ar, Guner Tybout, 2016). The equal wage reduces the incentives of additional work effort. In some situation it is reasonable to exit an inequality of wage. There are some common trends of wage inequality that has proven beneficial for the firm as well as for the workers. The theory of efficiency wage Efficiency wage is a above equilibrium wage that is paid to increases efficiency of laborers. Unemployment is a situation where a surplus labor exists in the labor market. The legislated minimum wage leads to an excess supply of labor as labor demand reduces in response to a high wage. Both minimum wage and efficiency wage is set above the equilibrium level however employers motivations are different in the two situations. According to this theory, high wage encourages workers to put more effort and increases profitability of the firms operation (Du Caju et al., 2015). Here, firms are considered to be better off from offering a high wage. There are different theoretical models giving different rationale for paying a high wage. The widely discussed models are as follows. Model of adverse selection In a firm, the wages offered to the workers determine the workers quality. Firms intend to attract most productive workers in their labor force. The quality of the workers cannot be assessed by the firms ideally. Firms use the tool of wage to have a better quality workforce. It is assumed that when a high wage is offered then better quality workers will be interested for the job than they otherwise are (Guerrazzi Sodini, 2017). Low wage reduces the work incentive and skilled workers may find it as a state of underemployment. The claim of efficiency wage is supported when wage turns out an important attribute of workers quality. Turnover model The workers turnover model points toward the inverse relationship between workers between turnover of workers and a relatively high wage. There are several reasons for which workers decide to quit their jobs. Workers may find a mismatch between the job profile and their skill, may want to relocate in some other industries and more often to get a better payment and the like. Wages or work incentive here is one crucial factor here. In deciding whether to quit their jobs, workers do costs benefit analysis of staying or quitting their existing jobs (Pashardes, Polycarpou Polycarpou, 2015). When opportunity cost of quitting a job is higher, they decide to continue in their jobs. Firms always want to make the turnover rate as minimum as possible. It is beneficial for firms to retain their existing workers than to hire fresh workers and train them. In order to retain productive and experienced workers firms offer a high wage, a wage above that prevail in the market. The shirking model Productivity in an industry is highly depended on the work effort given by the workers. It is at the discretion of workers regarding how much effort to put. Firms may enforce monitoring devices or employ supervisors to monitor the work effort but monitoring is costly and lacks transparency. Even when worker who caught shirking their responsibilities are driven away from their jobs it is not possible to completely cease the practice (Roy, 2016). Therefore, it is better to incentivize the workers such that losing current jobs entails enough opportunity cost that workers put forward their best effort. Wage is the form of incentive and the model thus support the hypothesis asserts in efficiency wage theory. Health of worker This is another argument in favor of paying a high wage to workers particularly applicable in developing or underdeveloped countries. In poor countries, equilibrium wage determined in the market may not be sufficient that the workers can afford a healthy and nutritious diet. The health condition of workers has direct effect on productivity. Therefore, employers in these countries consider to give a wage such that they can have healthy diet and improves productivity (Verhoogen, 2015). In developed countries the argument is not much applicable as most of the workers there receive sufficient wages to carry out healthy diet. Efficiency wage with labor market segmentation The labor market segmentation theory is rooted in the practice of wage discrimination as evidenced in twentieth century. Since then different levels of wage and job securities exist in the labor market. In a segmented labor markets different there are different sub market in the labor market each having a different condition. However, in real world the distinction among the sub markets are not clearly visible and often overlap. Three well known segments are regional market, professional market and branch market. Existence of a dual economy is the basis for existence of labor market segmentation. The dual economy is characterized with a high income and low income sectors. Primary and secondary labor market segment are two other categories of labor market segmentation. Laborers in the secondary sector generally do not enter in the primary sector as characterized by senior job posts. In the secondary labor market segment workers hyave low wage income and works in poor work environment (Stiehl et al., 2017). In this segment high wage acts as a tool to improve worker condition and prevent workers turnover. Backward bending labor supply curve The efficiency wage theory as limited explanation for backward bending labor supply curve. In the short run an increase in wage generally increases labor supply. The wage effect can be decomposed into income effect and substitution effect same as price effect. The substitute to work effort here is leisure. Beyond a critical point increased wage encourages workers to substitute more leisure in place of work effort. This makes the labor supply curve backward bending. Figure 1: Backward bending labor supply curve (Source: Pashardes, Polycarpou Polycarpou, 2015) Empirical evidence and practical applicability of efficiency wage Apart from derivation of theoretical models of efficiency wage studies have conducted to empirically verify the efficiency wage assertion. Studies during 1980s and 1990s failed to find strong support in Australian labor market. However, some evidences are there that support efficiency wages in favor of voluntary unemployment in the nation. A highly contested field of research is worker motivation in public sector and prevailing wages (Booth, 2014). Studies reveal that wages in private sector differ significantly from that in public sector. Empirical evidences find a high elasticity value of Public sector motivation implying motivation plays an important role in affecting work effort. The famous automobile company Henry Ford practically implement the theory of efficiency wage. In 1914, Ford introduced a wage rate of five dollar. It is twice the average wage rate of automakers at that time. Fords decision of offering a high wage to its workers give relevance to the theory of efficiency wage for determination of employment. The policy has proved effective for raising Fords productivity and associated profitability. Earlier Ford was paying a wage of $2.34 for working nine hour per day. The wage level doubled to become $4.80 per day (Wilson, 2014). The higher wage in Ford created pressure on its competitors. Many of them tried to match the wage level of Ford but utterly failed and some of them went bankrupt. This was a surprising move of Ford while compared to other manufacturers setting wage at least possible figure. In exchange of the high wage, Ford believed to retain workers committed to high quality work. Ford considered the price rise to be necessary to have wor kers to handle the pressure from business expansion. Another rationale for giving high wage to the workers to raise the purchasing power the workers so that they can increase their demand. In 1919, Ford again revise their wage and set the minimum wage as $6.00. Today also, Henry Ford paid a high wage to improve efficiency of workers. Recommendation The Fair Work Commission should have close look the relevant theories of efficiency wage and employment. Implementation of efficiency wage is beneficial when giving extra payment increases the productivity of the workers. Looking at the experience of Henry Ford, which benefitted from paying their workers a high wage Fair Work Commission, can adapt this policy. However, the organization should also consider the increasing cost of resulted from high wage. The commission should set wage to the level, which is slightly above the market equilibrium level while also considering the aspect of cost. The report analyzes efficiency wage hypothesis with relevance to literature and empirical evidences. There are several theoretical model that explains why giving high wage may prove beneficial for firm. The commonly known models are shirking model, mode of adverse selection and worker turnover model. Literature finds some support of the theory in Australia. However, for public sector motivation plays a much bigger role than efficiency wage. Henry Ford has already implemented the theory long before and enjoys positive fruits of this policy. References Booth, A. L. (2014). Wage determination and imperfect competition.Labour Economics,30, 53-58. Co?ar, A. K., Guner, N., Tybout, J. (2016). Firm dynamics, job turnover, and wage distributions in an open economy.The American Economic Review,106(3), 625-663. Du Caju, P., Kosma, T., Lawless, M., Messina, J., Rm, T. (2015). Why firms avoid cutting wages: Survey evidence from European firms.ILR Review,68(4), 862-888. Guerrazzi, M., Sodini, M. (2017). 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